Protective effects of ischemic postconditioning on skeletal muscle following crush syndrome in the rat

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) on skeletal muscle and its optimal protocol. Methods This article is about an animal study of rat model of crush syndrome. Sixty rats were randomized into nine different IPostC intervention groups and a control group. The anesthetized rats were subjected to unilateral hindlimb 3-kg compression with a compression device for 6 h, followed by nine different IPostC intervention protocols. Results Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) at 3 h post-crush became 2.3-3.9 times among all 10 groups after crush. At 72 h post-crush, serum CK level was reduced to 0.28-0.53 time in all intervention groups. The creatinine (CREA) level in the control group was elevated to 3.11 times at 3 h post-crush and reduced to1.77 time at 72 h post-crush. The potassium (K+) level in the control group was elevated to 1.65 and 1.41 time at 3 and 72 h post-crush, respectively. Conclusions Our IPostC intervention protocols can effectively protect rats from crush-induced elevation of serum CK, CREA, and K+ levels. The timing of IPostC intervention should be as early as possible, to ensure the protective effect.

Comparison of the effects of volemic reposition with 7. 5 % NaCl or blood in an experimental model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock / Comparação dos efeitos da reposição volêmica com NaCl 7, 5 % ou sangue em um modelo experimental de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico

ABSTRACT Objective: Crush syndrome is characterized by traumatic muscular injuries with severe systemic clinical repercussions. The systemic inflammatory reaction characterized acutely by infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs has been studied as part of the spectrum of crush syndrome. Experimental research may demonstrate alternative treatments for crush syndrome. The authors studied the hypothesis that hypertonic saline solution (7.5% NaCl) could minimize the local and systemic effects in a model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Rabbits were submitted to a new model of muscle compression associated with hemorrhagic shock. Compression was applied through an Esmarch bandage, used for 1 h on the entire right lower limb. Hemorrhagic shock was induced for 1 h by dissection and catheterization of the carotid artery. Blood replacement or hypertonic saline solution was used to treat the shock. Biochemical analysis of plasma, quantification of muscular edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs were carried out. Results: Animals treated with hypertonic solution presented the same hemodynamic response as the blood treated patients, less water in the compressed muscles and less infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs. The blood group presented hypocalcemia, a facet of crush syndrome. Conclusions: The proposed model was effective for the study of crush syndrome associated with hemorrhagic shock. The treatment with hypertonic solution showed benefits when compared with blood volume replacement.

RESUMO Objetivo: A síndrome de esmagamento é caracterizada por lesões musculares traumáticas com graves repercussões clínicas sistêmicas. A reação inflamatória sistêmica, caracterizada agudamente por infiltração de neutrófilos nos pulmões, tem sido estudada como parte do espectro da síndrome de esmagamento. A pesquisa experimental pode demonstrar opções de tratamento para a síndrome de esmagamento. Os autores estudaram a hipótese de que solução salina hipertônica (NaCl 7,5%) pudesse minimizar os efeitos locais e sistêmicos da síndrome de esmagamento em um modelo de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico. Métodos: Coelhos foram submetidos a um novo modelo de compressão muscular associado ao choque hemorrágico. A compressão foi feita por uma faixa de Esmarch aplicada por uma hora em todo membro inferior direito. O choque hemorrágico foi induzido durante uma hora por dissecção e cateterização da artéria carótida. O choque foi tratado com reposição de sangue ou solução salina hipertônica. Foram feitas análises bioquímicas do plasma, quantificação do edema muscular e infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. Resultados: Os animais tratados com solução hipertônica apresentaram a mesma resposta hemodinâmica observada naqueles tratados com sangue, menor quantidade de água nos músculos comprimidos e menor infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. O grupo tratado com sangue apresentou hipocalcemia, característica da síndrome de esmagamento. Conclusões: O modelo proposto mostrou-se efetivo para o estudo da síndrome de esmagamento associada ao choque hemorrágico. O tratamento com solução hipertônica apresentou benefícios quando comparado com a reposição volêmica com sangue.

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Double Crush Syndrome of the Ulnar Nerve by the Anconeus Epitrochlearis and a Ganglion

Double compression of the ulnar nerve, including Guyon's canal syndrome associated with cubital tunnel syndrome caused by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, is a very rare condition. We present a case of double crush syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the wrist and elbow in a 55-year-old man, as well as a brief review of the literature. Although electrodiagnostic findings were consistent with an ulnar nerve lesion only at the elbow, ultrasonography revealed a ganglion compressing the ulnar nerve at the hypothenar area and the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle lying in the cubital tunnel. Careful physical examination and ultrasound assessment of the elbow and wrist confirmed the clinical diagnosis prior to surgery.

Plasma cytokine expression after lower-limb compression in rats / Expressão de citoquinas plasmáticas após compressão de membros inferiores de ratos

Muscle injury due to crushing (muscle compression injury) is associated with systemic manifestations known as crush syndrome. A systemic inflammatory reaction may also be triggered by isolated muscle injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of interleukins (IL) 1, 6 and 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which are markers for possible systemic inflammatory reactions, after isolated muscle injury resulting from lower-limb compression in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to 1 h of compression of their lower limbs by means of a rubber band. The plasma levels of IL 1, 6 and 10 and TNF-α were measured 1, 2 and 4 h after the rats were released from compression. RESULTS: The plasma levels of IL 10 decreased in relation to those of the other groups, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The method used did not detect the presence of IL 1, IL 6 or TNF-α. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the changes in plasma levels of IL 10 that were found may have been a sign of the presence of circulating interleukins in this model of lower-limb compression in rats...

A lesão muscular por esmagamento (lesão por compressão muscular) está associada a manifestações sistêmicas conhecidas como síndrome do esmagamento. A reação inflamatória sistêmica pode também ser desencadeada pela lesão muscular isolada. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os níveis plasmáticos de interleucinas (IL) 1, 6, 10 e TNF-α, marcadores de uma possível reação inflamatória sistêmica, após a lesão muscular isolada resultante da compressão de membros inferiores de ratos. MÉTODOS: ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a uma hora de compressão dos membros inferiores por uma faixa de borracha. Os níveis plasmáticos de IL 1, 6, 10 e TNF-α foram medidos uma, duas e quatro horas após a liberação da compressão. RESULTADOS: os níveis plasmáticos de IL 10 diminuíram quando comparados com outros grupos com diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05). Não houve detecção, pelo método, da presença de IL 1, 6 e TNF-α. CONCLUSÃO: nossos resultados demonstraram que as alterações dos níveis plasmáticos de IL 10 encontradas podem ser um sinal da presença de interleucinas circulantes nesse modelo de compressão de membros inferiores de ratos...

Ineficácia da laserterapia aplicada no trajeto do nervo e nas raízes medulares correspondentes / Lack of effectiveness of laser therapy applied to the nerve course and the correspondent medullary roots

Objetivo: Verificar a influência da irradiação do laser de baixa intensidade na regeneração do nervo fibular comum de ratos após lesão por esmagamento. Métodos: Foram utilizados 25 ratos, divididos em três grupos: 1) nervo intacto, e não tratados; 2) nervo lesado, e não tratado; 3) nervo lesado, e laser irradiado sobre a região medular correspondente às raízes do nervo ciático e subsequentemente no trajeto do nervo lesado. A irradiação foi realizada por 14 dias consecutivos. Resultados: Foram avaliados por meio da análise funcional da marcha, através do índice funcional do peroneiro, e por análise morfométrica através do número total de fibras nervosas mielinizadas e sua densidade, número total de células de Schwann, número total de vasos sanguíneos e sua área, diâmetro mínimo da fibra e razão-G. Conclusão: De acordo com a análise estatística, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, e os autores concluem que a irradiação do laser de baixa intensidade possui pouca ou nenhuma influência na regeneração nervosa e recuperação funcional. Trabalho experimental.

Objective: To investigate the influence of low intensity laser irradiation on the regeneration of the fibular nerve of rats after crush injury. Methods: twenty-five rats were used, divided into three groups: 1) intact nerve, no treatment; 2) crushed nerve, no treatment; 3) crush injury, laser irradiation applied on the medullary region corresponding to the roots of the sciatic nerve and subsequently on the course of the damaged nerve. Laser irradiation was carried out for 14 consecutive days. Results: animals were evaluated by functional gait analysis with the peroneal functional index and by histomorphometric analysis using the total number of myelinated nerve fibers and their density, total number of schwann cells, total number of blood vessels and the occupied area, minimum diameter of the fiber diameter and G-quotient. Conclusion: according to the statistical analysis there was no significant difference among groups and the authors conclude that low intensity laser irradiation has little or no influence on nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Laboratory investigation.

Infectious complications in patients with crush syndrome following the Wenchuan earthquake / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the results of clinical and bacteriological examinations in patients with crush syndrome who suffered infectious complications after an earthquake in Sichuan, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 313 bacteriological samples among 147 patients with crush syndrome were collected. Infectious complications, results of microbiological examinations, potential risk factors of infection and mortality were analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the obtained database, 112 out of the 147 (75.7%) patients had infectious complications, in which, wound infection, pulmonary infection, and sepsis were most common. The time under the rubble and the time from injury to treatment were related to the occurrence of wound infection (P equal to 0.013, odds ratio 2.25; P equal to 0.017, odds ratio 2.31). Sepsis and wound infection were more common in patients who underwent fasciotomy or amputation than in those who did not (P equal to 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Quick rescue and injury treatment can decrease the infection risk in crush syndrome patients. It is better to obtain microorganic proofs before applying antibiotics, and bacteriological and drug sensitivity data should be taken into account, especially considering that most of these infections are hospital-acquired and drug resistance. Emphasizing the accuracy and efficiency of wound management in emergency situations, cautiously assessing the indications for fasciotomy to avoid open wounds from unnecessary osteofascial compartment decompression incisions may decrease the incidence of infection and ameliorate the prognosis.</p>

Efeitos da laserterapia na regeneração nervosa periférica / Effects of laser therapy in peripheral nerve regeneration

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito do laser nas doses de 5, 10 e 20J/cm2 na reparação do nervo fibular de ratos após esmagamento. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio da análise funcional da marcha e de parâmetros morfométricos.MÉTODOS: Lesão por esmagamento controlado do nervo fibular comum direito e submetidos a intensidades crescentes (G1: sem irradiação; G2: sham; G3: 5J/cm2; G4: 10J/cm2; G5: 20J/cm2) de irradiação do laser diretamente sobre o local da lesão por 21 dias consecutivos. A análise funcional da marcha foi realizada a intervalos semanais, tendo sido medido o índice funcional do fibular (IFF). Os animais foram sacrificados nos 21º dia pós-operatório para remoção do nervo fibular, que foi preparado para a análise morfométrica.RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) dos valores da análise de marcha (IFF) entre os grupos em qualquer momento de avaliação para o parâmetro. A área total da secção transversal do nervo foi significantemente maior no grupo 2 do que nos grupos 3 e 4, enquanto a densidade de fibras foi significantemente maior no grupo 4 do que no demais grupos.CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação com o laser AsGaAl de baixa potência não acelerou a regeneração do nervo fibular com nenhuma das doses utilizadas. Nível de Evidência I, Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: The influence of dose of low power lasertherapy (AsGaAl, 830 nm) on the regeneration of the fibular nerve of rats after a crush injury was evaluated by means of the functional gait analysis and histomorphometric parameters.METHODS: Controlled crush injury of the right common fibular nerve, immediately followed by increasing doses (G1: no irradiation; G2: simulated; G3: 5 J/cm2; G4: 10 J/cm2; G5: 20 J/cm2) laser irradiation directly on the lesion site for 21 consecutive days. Functional gait analysis was carried out at weekly intervals by measuring the peroneal/fibular functional index (PFI). The animals were killed on the 21st postoperative day for removal of the fibular nerve, which was prepared for the histomorphometric analysis.RESULTS: The PFI progressively increased during the observation period in all groups, without significant differences between them (p>0.05). The transverse nerve area was significantly wider in group 2 than in groups 3 and 4, while fiber density was significantly greater in group 4 than in all remaining groups.CONCLUSION: The low power AsGaAl laser irradiation did not accelerate nerve recovery with any of the doses used. Level of Evidence I, Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

Treatment of pediatric critical trauma following earthquake disasters / 中国当代儿科杂志

Children are the most vulnerable in natural disasters for their poor self-protection ability. Pediatric deaths in earthquakes are mainly due to cardiopulmonary arrest, severe craniocerebral injury, shock, crush syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Priority should be given to centralized, effective treatment for injured children, with multidisciplinary cooperation, and severe cases need to be transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit, thus improving survival and reducing disability.

Types of pediatric trauma in earthquake and key points of treatment / 中国当代儿科杂志

Limb trauma is the most common among pediatric victims in earthquake. Compared with traumatic brain injury, which is frequent in earthquake, intracranial injury is rare, but it is the leading cause of death from trauma in earthquake. Thoracoabdominal crush injury, which often causes such crises as visceral hemorrhage, is also one of the main causes of death among pediatric victims in earthquake. Crush syndrome and osteofascial compartment syndrome are often complicated by acute renal failure. Because trauma is emergent in earthquake, the principle of "life-saving first, critical injury priority" should be complied with during on-site rescue. The injured children must be transferred to the medical center as soon as possible. It is essential to treat the critically injured children by multidisciplinary cooperation, and much attention should be paid to prevention of complications, rehabilitation care, and psychological counseling.

Development and application of the experimental apparatus of animal crush injury / 中国医疗器械杂志

According to the needs of clinical study about the treatment for the crush injury, a special experimental apparatus was developed for the small animal crush injury. There are kinds of characters for this conductor, that is the apparatus was simple designed and can be easily used and the extruding time and weight can be exactly controlled.

Trauma vascular: nuestra experiencia en los últimos 10 años / Trauma vascular- nossa experiência nos últimos 10 anos. / Vascular trauma: ouer experience in the last 10 years

Antecedentes: El incremento de la violencia ciudadana por el uso de armas de fuego y blancas en delitos comunes y los accidentes por exceso de velocidad sin medidas de seguridad adecuadas, han producido un aumento en la incidencia de los traumas vasculares, siendo la mayor causa de muerte en pacientes jóvenes. Objetivo: Demostrar nuestra casuística y experiencia en el manejo del trauma vascular así como su resolución. Diseño: Análisis descriptivo y retrospectivo de los últimos 10 años. Material y Método: 470 pacientes se tra taron desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 diciembre del 2009. Se analizó la composición demográfica, el mecanismo lesional, la región afectada y la técnica quirúrgica utilizada. El 86,6% fue de sexo masculino y el 13,4% de sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 26,9 años. El 69,5% presentaron trauma penetrante y el 30,5% trauma contuso. El 4,5% presentaron lesiones de cuello, 12% torácicas, 14,9% lesiones abdominales y nuestra mayor casuística fue la lesión de los miembros: 68,6%. En 175 pacientes, la técnica fue el bypass (119 venosos y 56 protésicos ). 206 pacientes recibieron resección y anastomosis término-terminal y 36 pacientes fueron tratados con ligadura primaria. Como métodos endovasculares se colocaron 5 endoprótesis por ruptura traumática de aorta torácica, 3 stents periféricos y se realizó un reimplante de mano. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue del 7,8% (37 pacientes) en la mayoría de los casos debido al politrauma, Crush síndrome, SIRS y/o shock séptico. En cuanto a los pacientes con RTAT, uno presentó óbito por falla del material. El 9,1% de los pacientes sufrieron amputación del miembro (38 pacientes) de los cuales 9 fueron por arrancamiento del miembro, 11 amputaciones primarias y 18 secundarias. Del total de pacientes que presentaron lesiones vasculares de los miembros, 60 (5,8%) recibieron fasciotomía pre, intra o post-revascularización. Conclusiones: Nuestra aceptable morbimortalidad depende de la rapidez y ...

Antecedentes: O aumento da violência nas cidades, o uso de armas de fogo e armas brancas em delitos comuns, e os acidentes por excesso de velocidade sem medidas de segurança adequadas, têm produzido um aumento na incidência dos traumas vasculares, sendo esta, a maior causa de morte em pacientes jovens. Objetivo: Demonstrar nossa especificidade e experiência no tratamento do trauma vascular, como também em sua resolução. Desenho: Análise descritiva e retrospectiva dos últimos 10 anos. Material e Método: 470 pacientes foram tratados de 1º de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2009. Analisou-se a composição demográfica, o mecanismo de lesão, a região afetada e a técnica cirúrgica utilizada. 86, 6 % dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 13,4 % do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 26,9 anos. 69,5 % apresentaram trauma penetrante e 30,5 % trauma contuso. 4,5 % apresentaram lesões no pescoço, 12 % torácicas, 14,9 % lesões abdominais e a nossa maior especificidade, em 68,6% dos casos, foi a lesão de membros. Em 175 pacientes a técnica foi o bypass (119 venosos e 56 com próteses ). 206 pacientes receberam ressecção e anastomose término-terminal e 36 pacientes foram tratados com ligadura de tipo primário. Como métodos endovasculares, foram colocadas 5 endopróteses por ruptura traumática de Aorta torácica, 3 stents periféricos, e realizou-se um reimplante de mão. Resultados: A mortalidade global foi de 7,8 % (37 pacientes), na maioria dos casos devido ao politrauma, síndrome de Cushing, SIRS (síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica), e/ou choque séptico. Quanto aos pacientes com RTAT, um deles apresentou óbito por falha do material. 9,1 % dos pacientes sofreram amputação de membro (38 pacientes), dos quais 9 foram por arrancamento de membro, 11 amputações primárias e 18 secundárias. Do total de pacientes que apresentaram lesões vasculares de membros, 60 (5,8 %) receberam fasciotomia pré, intra ou pós revascularização. Conclusões: Nossa aceitável ...

Background: The increase of the urban violence due to the use of fire and white weapons in common crimes as well as the accidents because of the excess of speed without the corresponding safe security measures have produced an increase in the incidence of the vascular traumas, being the most important cause of death in young patients. Objective: To show casuisty and experience in the management of the vascular trauama as well as its resolution. Design: Descriptive and retrospective analyses during the last 10 years. Material and Method: 470 patients were treated from January 1, 2000 up to December 2009. The demographic composition, the lesional mechanism, the affected area and the surgical technique were analysed. The 86.6% were male and the 13.4% female. The average age was 26.9%. The 69.5% have presented penetrant trauma and the 30.5% blunt trauma. The 4.5% have presented injuries on the neck, 12% thoracic ones, 14.9% abdominal ones and our greatest casuistic was the injueries on the arms. In 175 patients the technique was the bypass (119 venous and 56 prothetic ones). 206 patients have received resection and termino-terminal anastomosis and 36 patients were treated with primary binding. As endovascular methods, 5 stents for traumatic rupture of thoracic aorta, 3 peripheral stents and a hand reimplantation were used. Results: The global mortality was of the 7.8% 37 patients), in most of the cases due to the poly-trauma, Crush syndrome, SIRS, and/or septic shock. Regarding to the patients with RTAT, on of them, death has been presented due to material failure. The 9.1% of the patients have suffered from amputation of the member (38 patients), from whom 9 of them were for pulling member, 11 for primary amputations and 18 secondary ones. From the total of the patients that have presented vascular injuries of the members, 60 (5.8%) have received fasciotomy pre, intra or post revascularization. Conclusions: Our acceptable mortality depends on the quickness and ...

O ultrassom terapêutico na medula espinhal acelera a regeneração do nervo ciático de ratos / Therapeutic ultrasound on the spinal cord accelerates regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da irradiação ultrassônica de baixa intensidade aplicada sobre a medula espinhal na regeneração do nervo ciático de ratos após lesão por esmagamento controlado, avaliando os resultados pelo índice funcional do ciático (SFI), medido nas imagens vídeo-filmadas das plantas das patas. MÉTODOS: Dezoito ratos foram submetidos a esmagamento controlado (do nervo ciático direito e divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tratamento: Grupo 1 (n=9), irradiação simulada; Grupo 2 (n=9), irradiação efetiva. Irradiação ultrassônica de baixa intensidade foi iniciada no 7º dia pós-operatório e aplicada diariamente por 6 semanas. Imagens das plantas das patas dos animais foram vídeo-filmadas em uma esteira transparente sob velocidade controlada a intervalos semanais até a 6ª semana de irradiação e o correspondente SFI medido com um programa de computador específico. RESULTADOS: O SFI durante a 1ª e a 6ª semana de tratamento foi de -59,12 e -12,55 no Grupo 1, e -53,31 e -1,32 no Grupo 2, indicando uma melhora de 79 por cento e 97 por cento, respectivamente, mas as diferenças entre os grupos somente foram significantes (p<0,05) durante a 3ª semana de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluem que o ultrassom terapêutico de baixa intensidade estimula a regeneração nervosa, com significância durante a 3ª semana de tratamento. Nivel de Evidência II, Prospectivo Comparativo.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of low intensity ultrasound irradiation applied on the spinal cord on the regeneration of the rat's sciatic nerve after a controlled crush injury, evaluating the functional results of the sciatic functional index as measured on the video recorded images of the foot sole. METHODS: Eighteen rats were submitted to a controlled crush injury of the right sciatic nerve and divided into two groups according to the treatment: Group 1 (n=9), simulated irradiation; Group 2 (n=9), effective irradiation. Low-intensity ultrasound irradiation was started on the 7th postoperative day and applied daily for 6 weeks. Images of the animals´ foot sole were video recorded on a see-through treadmill type walking belt machine at weekly intervals until the 6th week of irradiation and the corresponding sciatic functional index (SFI) was measured with specific software. RESULTS: The SFI during the first and last week of treatment was -59.12 and -12.55 in Group 1, -53.31 and -1.32 in Group 2, indicating a 79 percent and 97 percent improvement, respectively, but differences between groups were only significant (p<0.05) during the third week. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that low intensity therapeutic ultrasound enhances nerve regeneration, with significance during the 3rd week of treatment. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Outcomes of fasciotomy in patients with crush-induced acute kidney injury after Bam earthquake

Fasciotomy may increase the morbidity and mortality in patients with crush-induced acute kidney injury [AKI], by creating an open wound, increasing the risk of bleeding, coagulopathy, and potentially fatal sepsis. This study evaluates the outcomes of fasciotomy in these patients after Bam earthquake in Iran. We reviewed medical records of victims of Bam earthquake complicated with crush-induced AKI. Demographic, biochemical, and clinical data of patients who underwent fasciotomy were evaluated and compared with other patients with AKI. Fasciotomy was performed for 70 of 200 patients with crush-induced AKI [35.0%]. There were no significant differences regarding sex, age, time under the rubble, and muscle enzymes level between these patients and those without fasciotomy. They did not experience higher rates of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, amputation, and dialysis session. Neither did they have a longer hospitalization period or higher death rate. This study showed that fasciotomy did not have any deteriorating effect on morbidity and mortality of patients with crush-induced AKI after Bam earthquake

Laser de baixa intensidade (830 nm) na recuperação funcional do nervo isquiático de ratos / Low intensity laser (830 nm) functional to recover of the sciatic nerve in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do laser de baixa intensidade na melhora funcional da marcha de ratos após esmagamento do nervo ciático. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 18 ratos divididos alea-to-riamente em dois grupos: controle (sham) e irradiado com densidade de energia de 40J/cm², em 21 dias consecutivos, utilizando o laser 830nm (AsGaAl). Os animais foram submetidos ao esmagamento do nervo ciático direito com o dispositivo portátil de peso morto e avaliados pelo "Índice Funcional do Ciático" (IFC). As pegadas foram coletadas no pré-operatório, 7º, 14º e 21º dias pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Os resultados do IFC foram significantes quando comparados os grupos no 7º e 14º dia pós-operatório (p<0,05). No 21º dia pós-operatório não houve diferença entre os grupos. Na avaliação intra-grupos houve diferença entre todas as semanas avaliadas (p<0,01). Os animais irradiados apresentaram melhora no padrão da marcha, demonstrada pelos valores do IFC nos períodos iniciais, mas ao final das 3 semanas, houve uma recuperação similar. CONCLUSÃO: A laserterapia de baixa intensidade mostrou ser eficaz no estímulo da aceleração da regeneração nervosa do ciático de ratos após esmagamento.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-intensity laser on functional improvement of the walking of rats after sciatic nerve axonotmesis. METHODS: We used 18 rats divided randomly in two groups: control (Sham) and irradiated with an energy density of 40J/cm² for 21 consecutive days, using 830nm laser (AsGaAl). The animals were subjected to right sciatic nerve crushing by a portable device and assessed by the "Sciatic Functional Index" (SFI) at an acrylic platform through video recorded by a digital camera. The footprints were collected preoperatively, and on the 7th, 14th and 21st postoperative days. RESULTS: The results of the SFI were significant when comparing the groups on the 7th and 14th postoperative day (p<0.05). On the 21st postoperative day there was no difference between groups. There were intra-group differences detected in each evaluated week (p<0.01). The irradiated animals showed improvement in motion pattern, shown by the SFI values in the initial periods, but after 3 weeks, there was a similar recovery. CONCLUSION: The low-intensity laser has shown to be effective in accelerating regeneration of the sciatic nerve of rats after crushing.

A irradiação local com o laser de baixa potência acelera a regeneração do nervo fibular de ratos / Local low power laser irradiation accelerates the regeneration of the fibular nerve in rats

OBJETIVO: Estudar a influência da irradiação com o laser AsGaAL de baixa potência na regeneração de um nervo periférico, após lesão por esmagamento controlado. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O nervo fibular comum direito de 30 ratos Wistar foi submetido a uma lesão por esmagamento com uma pinça de carga regulável (5.000 g, 10 minutos de aplicação), os animais sendo divididos em três grupos (n=10), de acordo com o procedimento pós-operatório (sem irradiação; irradiação simulada; irradiação efetiva). A irradiação com o laser (comprimento de onda: 830 nm; potência do emissor: 100 mW; modo contínuo; dose: 140 J/cm²) era iniciada no primeiro dia pós-operatório e realizada por 21 dias consecutivos. Foram analisados a massa corporal dos animais, o tempo de percurso na passarela de marcha e o índice funcional do fibular (PFI), pela análise das impressões das pegadas, no período pré-operatório e no 21º dia pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: O tempo de marcha e o PFI melhoraram significativamente mais no grupo de irradiação efetiva com o laser, apesar do ganho significante de massa corporal entre os períodos pré e pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação com o laser AsGaAL de baixa potência com os parâmetros aqui empregados acelerou e melhorou a regeneração do nervo fibular do rato.

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of low power GaAs-Al laser irradiation on the regeneration of a peripheral nerve, following a controlled crush injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The right common fibular nerve of 30 Wistar rats was submitted to a crush injury with an adjustable load forceps (5 000 g, 10 minutes of application). The animals were divided into three groups (n=10), according to the postoperative procedure (no irradiation; sham irradiation; effective irradiation). Laser irradiation (830 nm wave-length; 100 mW emission power; continuous mode; 140 J/cm²) was started on the first postoperative day and continued over 21 consecutive days. Body mass, time spent on the walking track and functional peroneal index (FPI) were analyzed based the hind footprints, both preoperatively and on the 21st postoperative day. RESULTS: Walking time and PFI significantly improved in the group that received effective laser irradiation, despite the significant gain in body mass between the pre- and post-operative periods. CONCLUSION: Low Power GaAs-Al laser irradiation, with the parameters used in our study, accelerated and improved fibular nerve regeneration in rats.

Challenges for rear hospital care of Wenchuan earthquake casualties: experience from West China Hospital / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

To review the challenges and countermeasures in the hospital care for Wenchuan earthquake casualties and draw lessons for the protective response in the future. Medical records and laboratory findings of the victims admitted in West China Hospital (WCH) were retrospectively analyzed. Related data were compared between beforemath and aftermath of the earthquake and between WCH and frontier county hospitals. One thousand and thirty-one earthquake survivors were hospitalized, 1 358 victims underwent surgery and 142 victims were transferred to intensive care unit. The incidence of infection, crush syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was 39.6%, 20.7% and 2.3% respectively. Wound classification showed that the incidence of extremity damage was 72%, while the incidence of chest trauma, abdominal trauma and brain trauma was less than 10% respectively. Isolating rates of environmental pathogens were increased in the aftermath of earthquake, and the spectrum of the pathogens and related antibiotic sensitivities were quite different from those in the beforemath of earthquake. The social economic and population conditions in the earthquake-stricken areas affected the composition of the victims and the geographic features restricted the efficiency of rescue. Trauma-induced MODS, crush syndrome and severe infections all constituted the dilemma for the hospital care, to resolve whether the multidiscipline team work was proved to be an optimizing choice. For a more effective disaster protective response in the future, the study on rescue plan and the ladder therapies for massive casualties should be potentiated.

Influência da irradiação do laser na regeneração nervosa em diferentes locais de tratamento / Influence of laser radiation in nerve regeneration in different treatment sites

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência do laser de baixa intensidade de AsGaAl na lesão por esmagamento do nervo peroneiro de ratos através da avaliação funcional da marcha nos diferentes locais de irradiação. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 53 ratos, divididos em seis grupos: normal, lesado não tratado, lesado e tratado placebo, lesado e tratado na medula, lesado e tratado no nervo, lesado e tratado em ambos (nervo e medula). O esmagamento do nervo peroneiro foi realizado por meio de uma pinça e subsequente tratado com laser por 28 dias consecutivos. Na avaliação funcional foram analisadas as impressões das pegadas, registradas pela câmera de vídeo em uma passarela de acrílico, no pré-operatório e aos 14º, 21º e 28º dias de pós-operatório, e avaliadas na fórmula PFI por meio do software. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação funcional da marcha foram encontradas diferenças significantes somente no 14º dia de pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação do laser AsGaAl de baixa intensidade foi capaz de acelerar e potencializar o processo de regeneração nervosa periférica de ratos no 14º dia de pós-operatório, de acordo com a avaliação funcional da marcha, tanto para o grupo tratado na medula quanto para o grupo tratado no nervo.

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to determine, through functional gait assessment in different irradiation sites, the influence of a low-intensity GaAsAl laser beam on an injury caused by crushing the peroneal nerve in rats. METHODS: 53 rats were used, which were divided into six groups: normal, injured and untreated, injured and treated using placebo, injured and treated in the bone marrow, injured and treated in the nerve, and injured and treated in both (nerve and bone marrow). The peroneal nerve was crushed using a pair of tweezers, and subsequently treated with laser for 28 consecutive days. The functional gait evaluation analyzed the footprints, which were recorded with a video camera on an acrylic bridge in the preoperative period, and on postoperative days 14, 21 and 28, and assessed using PFI formula software. RESULTS: In the functional gait evaluation, significant differences were found only on postoperative day 14. CONCLUSION: Based on the functional gait evaluation, low-intensity GaAsAl irradiation was able to accelerate and reinforce the process of peripheral nerve regeneration in rats on postoperative day 14, both in the bone marrow- and in the nerve-treated groups.

Uma nova pinça regulável para a produção de lesões por esmagamento do nervo ciático do rato / A new adjustable pinch designed for producing crush nerve injuries in the sciatic nerve of rats

OBJETIVO: Foi nosso objetivo, desenvolver uma pinça regulável que permite produzir uma lesão com carga conhecida, num segmento de 5 mm de comprimento do nervo isquiático de ratos. MÉTODOS: O material escolhido para confecção da pinça foi o aço inoxidável, pela sua maior durabilidade e possibilidade de esterilização com soluções anti-sépticas, quase sempre corrosivas. A carga de esmagamento da pinça é regulável, pelo aumento ou diminuição da tensão da mola que a aciona, por meio de um parafuso de regulagem de calibração, feita com uma célula de carga. RESULTADO: A pinça foi utilizada em investigações experimentais e mostrou-se tão eficiente quanto as máquinas de ensaio e de peso morto anteriormente utilizadas. CONCLUSÃO: A pinça desenvolvida apresenta vantagens de ser portátil, de fácil manuseio, baixo custo e permite padronização da carga aplicada.

OBJECTIVE: A new adjustable pinch has been developed for producing a crush injury, with a previously known load of 5 kg, on a 5 mm-long segment of the nerve. METHODS: Stainless steel was the material selected for building the pinch due its durability and possibility of sterilization with anti-septic substances, which are often corrosive. The crushing load of the pinch is adjustable by increasing or decreasing the tension of the spring by means of a screw used for calibration, which is performed by a load cell. RESULT: This pinch has been used in a few experimental investigations and was shown to be as efficient as both the universal testing machine and the dead weight machine, previously used. CONCLUSION: The developed pinch has the advantages of being portable and user-friendly. In addition, the pinch is cheap and allows for the standardization of the applied load.

[Crush injury and compartment syndrome]

Crush injury of an extremity occurs when a limb is compressed between two hard surfaces, to the point where vascular supply is impaired and vulnerable tissues undergo necrosis. Most commonly, limbs are crushed during auto versus pedestrian accidents, motor vehicle crashes, and industrial accidents. However, during natural disasters such as earthquakes, building collapses, landslides, mine cave-ins, and acts of war with mass civilian casualties, epidemics of limb crush injuries can occur. The large number of casualties requiring specialized medical care can easily overwhelm medical systems, particularly if medical facilities are simultaneously affected by the disaster. This article reviews the acute management of vascular and soft tissue injuries in the emergency department

Risk factors for the occurrence and severity of crush syndrome in pediatric trauma victims after earthquake / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the factors affecting the occurrence and severity of crush syndrome (CS) after crush injury (CI) in pediatric trauma victims in the Wenchuan earthquake.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Medical records of 98 patients who were transferred to our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The risk factors, such as age, gender, time being besieged, type of injury, wound infection, hemodialysis, etc., which were assessed with T-test/chi(2)/Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of crush syndrome after crush injury. Possible risk factors influencing CS severity were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 15 patients with CS, and all these cases were from 59 patients with extremities crush injury. The incidence of CS reached 15.3% in pediatric trauma victims after earthquake and 25.4% in extremities crush injury. Six risk factors were assessed with logistic regression analysis for three outcomes relating to crush syndrome, they are age, time being szeged and closed CI, whose log-odds ratio (log-OR) respectively was 1.049, 1.221, and 0.068 (P < 0.05 for all). And no correlation was found between CS and gender, upper or lower limbs injury or wound infection. There was no significant difference in wounds infection rate between patients with open injury and those who underwent CS fasciotomy (P = 0.754), but there was significant difference between those patients who underwent CS fasciotomy and those who underwent other operative incisions (P < 0.05). Wound infection had a significant association with severity of CS (P = 0.041) as compared with other factors such as age, gender, and time being szeged.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The occurrence of crush syndrome is mainly because of extremities crush injury and also has significant relations with age, time being szeged and closed crush injury in children. Infection of incisional wound after CS fasciotomy is a risk factor for aggravation of CS.</p>